Digital Learning Commons: Social Change: Armed Resistance

African American Armed Resistance

"We declare our right on this earth to be a man, to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary."

— Malcolm X, 1965

Organizations and Movements

27 Important Facts Everyone Should Know About The Black Panthers
Article with photos addressing facts and misconceptions about the revolutionary work of the Black Panthers.
African Americans and Armed Resistance
Article by Hettie V. Williams, lecturer in African American History at Monmouth University.
The Black Panther Manifesto (1966)
Ten-point manifesto available through the African American Almanac.
Black Panther Party
Encyclopedia article from World Book Student.
Deacons for Defense provided protection when no one else would
USA Today article about the Deacons for Defense and Justice.

Key Figures

Angela Davis: Activist, scholar still challenging status quo
Article and short video from the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Huey Newton Symbolized the Rising Black Anger of a Generation
A look at the life and times of the Black Panther Party co-founder Huey Newton, following his death in 1989.
Malcolm X
Encyclopedia article from World Book Student.
Stokely Carmichael, A Philosopher Behind The Black Power Movement
Article and audio piece from NPR.

Compton's Cafeteria and Stonewall Riots

Image: reddit user Everything4Everyone

Before Stonewall: Remembering the Compton’s Cafeteria Riot
Vogue magazine article about the Compton's Cafeteria riots, three years before the famous Stonewall riots.
Ladies In The Streets: Before Stonewall, Transgender Uprising Changed Lives
NPR article about the Compton's Cafeteria riots when drag queens and trans women fought back against police harassment in summer 1966.

Miss Major On Rioting At Stonewall: ‘That Was 3 Nights Of Absolute Terror’
An account of Stonewall from trans elder and activist Miss Major Griffin-Gracy.
Stonewall Uprising
Encyclopedia article on the 1969 Stonewall Uprising from World Book Advanced.

Antifascist Action

Antifa History and Politics, Explained
Interview with Dartmouth College historian Mark Bray from TeenVogue.
Antifa: Loosely organized but on clear-eyed mission
Frequently Asked Questions style article from USA Today.
If You Want To Understand Anti-Fascist Movements, You Need To Know This History
2017 article produced by The WorldPost, which is published by the Berggruen Institute.

Haitian Revolution

Haitian Revolution
Encyclopedia article from World Book Student.
Haitian Revolution
Encyclopedia article from Britannica.
Upheavals in France and Saint-Domingue 1792–1796
Timeline from Brown University.